Beyond Birth Work: Addressing Social Determinants of Health With Community Perinatal Support Doulas.

Adverse maternal and infant health outcomes among African Americans are increasingly recognized as indicators of a critical public health crisis in the United States. Research has found that stress is related to structural racism and the social determinants of health (SDOH) that cause avoidable, unfair inequities in resources, education, power, and opportunities across ethnic groups. This paper describes the SDOH needs and experiences of pregnant Black women from the perspective of doulas and Birthing Beautiful Communities (BBC) clients. The design was a qualitative description, using data collected over time (2017-2018, 2020-2021, and 2023). This study took place in Cleveland and Akron, Ohio and the sample included 58 clients, 26 doulas, and 2 resource intake specialist assistants (RISAs). Qualitative data included individual client interviews, three doula focus groups, and one interview with two BBC RISAs. Three coders used content analysis to deductively identify SDOHs and calculate the number of interviews that contained information about specific SDOHs. Although the sample reported issues with all SDOH, particular ones caused a cascade of SDOH effects. Transportation issues, for example, impeded women from being able to make it to work, doctor's appointments, and to purchase essential baby items (e.g., food, infant supplies). An inability to work-whether because of transportation challenges or pregnancy-related health complications-led to unstable housing and an inability to deal with transportation challenges. Many clients mentioned that housing was a major issue, with many clients experiencing housing instability. Implications include ensuring SDOH information is collected from a trusted source who can advocate and ensure access to a wide range of local resources, ensuring policies protect pregnant women from experiencing a cascade of SDOH that may contribute to continuing health disparate infant and maternal health outcomes in African American women.

The Impact of Covid-19 on Community Perinatal Doula Support Services for Black Women.

OBJECTIVES: To better understand the experiences of Black pregnant women during COVID-19, we examined Black pregnant clients' and doulas' experiences with perinatal support services amid COVID-19's social distancing protocols. METHODS: We used qualitative description, employing a social constructionist framework to interview 12 perinatal support doulas and 29 Black women who were pregnant or gave birth during the pandemic about their experiences during the pandemic, when social distancing was required. RESULTS: Three key themes were identified: (1) Clients experienced increased social isolation; (2) Doulas' exclusion from medical visits limited women's access to support and advocacy; (3) Doula support as a sisterhood helped clients mitigate effects of COVID isolation. CONCLUSIONS FOR PRACTICE: Doulas should be considered essential support persons for Black pregnant women and should not be excluded from the birthing team. Support through technology is acceptable for some clients but less desirable for others and restricted doula's ability to build rapport and be hands on with their clients.

A Qualitative Study of Hospitals and Payers Implementing Community Doula Support.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of doula care on birth outcomes is well-established; however, doula support remains underutilized. Identifying barriers and facilitators to implementation is integral as the demand for doula care increases. The primary objective of this study was to examine doula program implementation across hospitals and payers at varying stages of implementation. METHODS: Representatives from 4 hospitals and 2 payers participated in focus group discussions. The doula programs were categorized as anticipated, initial, and advanced implementation statuses. Coding and thematic analysis were conducted using a deductive application of the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. RESULTS: There were 20 participants across 5 focus group discussions. Participants were mostly female, and nearly all had worked at their organization for at least 2 years. Salient themes shared across participants included valuing internal outcome data or peer-reviewed literature to support doula care as well as anecdotal stories; the reality of the resource-intensive nature of doula care implementation that goes beyond funding for doulas; and both the need for individual champions for change, such as midwives, and a supportive organizational culture that values health equity. DISCUSSION: The findings of this study highlight 3 contextual aspects that should be considered when implementing doula programs. These recommendations include: (1) use of a combination of research evidence and anecdotes when eliciting stakeholder support; (2) consideration of resources beyond funding such as program implementation support; (3) critical evaluation of organizational culture as a primary driver influencing the implementation of doula care. The future of the doula workforce in United States hospitals rests on the crux of intentional buy-in from hospital administration and clinical providers as well as the availability of requisite resources.

Using Prevention Research to Reduce Racial Disparities in Health Through Innovative Funding Strategies: The Case of Doula Care.

Racial disparities in maternal birth outcomes are substantial even when comparing women with similar levels of education. While racial differences in maternal death at birth or shortly afterward have attracted significant attention from researchers, non-fatal but potentially life-threatening pregnancy complications are 30-40 times more common than maternal deaths. Black women have the worst maternal health outcomes. Only recently have health researchers started to view structural racism rather than race as the critical factor underlying these persistent inequities. We discuss the economic framework that prevention scientists can use to convince policymakers to make sustainable investments in maternal health by expanding funding for doula care. While a few states allow Medicaid to fund doula services, most women at risk of poor maternal health outcomes arising from structural racism lack access to culturally sensitive caregivers during the pre-and post-partum periods as well as during birth. We provide a guide to how research in health services can be more readily translated to policy recommendations by describing two innovative ways that cost-benefit analysis can help direct private and public funding to support doula care for Black women and others at risk of poor birth outcomes.

Providing doula support to publicly insured women in central Texas: A financial cost-benefit analysis.

BACKGROUND: Disparities in birth outcomes continue to exist in the United States, particularly for low-income, publicly insured women. Doula support has been shown to be a cost-effective intervention in predominantly middle-to-upper income White populations, and across all publicly insured women at the state level. This analysis extends previous studies by providing an estimate of benefits that incorporates variations in averted outcomes by race and ethnicity in the context of one region in Texas. The objectives of this study were to determine (1) whether the financial value of benefits provided by doula support exceeds the costs of delivering it; (2) whether the cost-benefit ratio differs by race and ethnicity; and (3) how different doula reimbursement levels affect the cost-benefit results with respect to pregnant people covered by Medicaid in central Texas. METHODS: We conducted a forward-looking cost-benefit analysis using secondary data carried out over a short-term time horizon taking a public payer perspective. We focused on a narrow set of health outcomes (preterm delivery and cesarean delivery) that was relatively straightforward to monetize. The current, usual care state was used as the comparison condition. RESULTS: Providing pregnant people covered by Texas Medicaid with access to doulas during their pregnancies was cost-beneficial (benefit-to-cost ratio: 1.15) in the base model, and 65.7% of the time in probabilistic sensitivity analyses covering a feasible range of parameters. The intervention is most cost-beneficial for Black women. Reimbursing doulas at $869 per client or more yielded costs that were greater than benefits, holding other parameters constant. CONCLUSIONS: Expanding Medicaid pregnancy-related coverage to include doula services would be cost-beneficial and improve health equity in Texas.

Vivência e expectativas de doulas em região brasileira de fronteira / Experience and expectations of doulas in a Brazilian border region

RESUMO O estudo buscou compreender a vivência e as expectativas das doulas que atuam ou atuaram em dois municípios de região de fronteira: Foz do Iguaçu e Cascavel, Paraná, Brasil. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa pautada no referencial da Fenomenologia Social. A coleta das informações deu-se por entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado em língua portuguesa. As entrevistas foram feitas on-line. Os resultados foram classificados em seis categorias: motivação para tornar-se doula, conhecimento sobre o papel da doula, o cotidiano das doulas, abarcando as subcategorias de experiências exitosas e desafios da atividade na região de fronteira, a invisibilidade da doulagem, as expectativas enquanto doulas frente ao cenário obstétrico e o esperado da sua atuação profissional. O estudo permitiu compreender a vivência das doulas e o conhecimento do papel da sua função no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), no setor privado e em partos domiciliares, evidenciando a importância da atuação multiprofissional. Foram ponderadas resistências no cenário obstétrico por desconhecimento dos profissionais da assistência sobre o papel da doula. Em relação à atuação na região de fronteira, as doulas relataram o acompanhamento de mulheres paraguaias no Brasil e, com menos frequência, no Paraguai. As barreiras culturais e linguísticas foram destacadas como obstáculos para o exercício profissional em outro país.

ABSTRACT The study sought to understand the experience and expectations of doulas who worked or worked in two municipalities in the border region: Foz do Iguaçu and Cascavel, Paraná, Brazil. This was a qualitative research based on the framework of Social Phenomenology. The collection of information took place through interviews with a semi-structured script in Portuguese. The interviews were done online. The results were classified into six categories: motivated to become a doula, knowledge about the role of the doula, the daily life of the doulas, covering the subcategories of successful experiences and challenges of the activity in the border region, the invisibility of the doula, the expectations as doulas facing the obstetric scenario and what is expected of their professional performance. The study made it possible to understand the experience of doulas and knowledge of the role of their role in the Unified Health System (SUS), in the private sector and in home births, highlighting the importance of multidisciplinary action. Resistance in the obstetric scenario was considered due to the lack of knowledge on the part of care professionals about the role of the doula. Regarding work in the border region, the doulas reported accompanying Paraguayan women in Brazil and, less frequently, in Paraguay. Cultural and linguistic barriers were highlighted as reasons that make professional practice in another country unfeasible.

Early Postpartum Support in the Home: A Vital Link to Healthy and Safe Postpartum Recovery in the United States.

Many newly postpartum women and birthing people are sent home from the hospital with their newborn babies, ill-prepared to care for themselves with little to no capacity to learn about newborn care and parenting. Women are often left to fend for themselves in the "black hole" of health care in 6 weeks post-birth that the United States calls postpartum care. Postpartum doulas can be the first line of defense, helping people identify potential postpartum physical and mental health issues, and in many places, they are doing it on the front lines and in the homes of newly postpartum women and families. In this guest opinion piece, the author discusses her personal experience with birth and how it led her to become an advocate for postpartum doulas.

Access, Interest, and Barriers to Incorporation of Birth Doula Care in the United States.

Doula care improves maternal care, yet barriers exist to incorporating doula care. The purpose of this study was to evaluate interest and barriers to doula care. Overall, 508 women, 26-35 years of age (54.5%), White/Caucasian (89.8%), and married (88.6%), completed this study. Most reported ≥1 previous birth (97.6%). Respondents would "feel comfortable" (73.2%) and "more confident" (54.9%) with doula care at birth, and 57.9% reported their provider would be supportive of doula care. Only 39.0% expressed benefits to doula care during pregnancy compared to 72.6% at birth and 68.1% during postpartum. Most would hire a doula if health insurance covered some of the costs. Despite the recognized benefits and support of doula care, cost-associated barriers exist to the incorporation of doula care.

Providing Emotional Support and Physical Comfort During a Time of Social Distancing: A Thematic Analysis of Doulas' Experiences During the Coronavirus Pandemic.

Doulas are trained, non-clinical professionals that provide a continuum of support for mothers. An interpretive phenomenological approach was used to explore the professional experiences of doulas (n = 17) during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. Data were collected using brief intake surveys, in-depth semi-structured interviews, and an online discussion group. After a list of significant statements was created and grouped during emergent themes analysis, the reflections were summarized into three themes, (1) Doula Resilience, (2) Experiencing Vulnerability, and (3) Concern for Client Vulnerability that encapsulate the experiences of doulas during the COVID-19 pandemic. We conclude that as part of the COVID-19 recovery process, policy makers should look to non-clinical interventions for improving maternal health, such as promoting and supporting synergy between doulas and other maternal health service providers.

Doulas da morte: uma revisão de escopo / Death doulas: a scoping review

Introdução. O profissional doula da morte é considerado um colaborador solidário, cujo objetivo é melhorar a qualidade de morte no processo de terminalidade de pacientes, de forma a proporcionar uma 'boa morte'. Objetivo. O objetivo do estudo é mapear as evidências científicas sobre os papéis das doulas da morte na terminalidade da vida. Materiais e Métodos. Trata-se de uma revisão de escopo realizada nas bases de dados CINHAL, EMBASE, WOS, PUBMED e LILACS usando descritores de saúde conectados pelos operados booleanos AND e OR no espaço temporal entre 2000 e 2021. Resultados: Dos 467 artigos encontrados, somente 11 fizeram parte da amostra final. Dentre a diversidade e flexibilidade de papéis, os profissionais doulas realizam tarefas, serviços e prestam cuidados práticos e não clínicos durante todo o processo de morrer, morte, pós-morte e luto de pacientes e seus familiares, bem como promovem educação para a morte, levando em consideração as dimensões biopsicossocial e espiritual do cuidado humano. Possíveis barreiras no movimento de doulas da morte incluem a inconsistência nos programas de treinamento existentes e a ausência de um órgão regulamentador para a supervisão da prática e a padronização de honorários. Discussão. O trabalho das doulas da morte concentra-se na presença e atenção plenas, escuta sensível, compassiva e centrada na pessoa em processo de terminalidade, respeitando os seus desejos e horando sua biografia. Conclusão. As doulas de morte podem aumentar os serviços de cuidados de fim de vida existentes, fornecendo serviços de cuidados holísticos e personalizados em todos os cenários da rede de atenção à saúde, contudo, há necessidade de estudos mais rigorosos para explorar a percepção dos profissionais de saúde sobre esse papel e investigar resultados clínicos entre pessoas que estão morrendo e suas famílias.

Introduction: The professional death doula is considered a supportive collaborator, whose goal is to improve the quality of death in the process of terminality of patients, to provide a 'good death'. Objective: The objective of the study is to map the scientific evidence on the roles of death doulas in the terminality of life. Materials and Methods: This is a scoping review conducted in the databases CINHAL, EMBASE, WOS, PUBMED and LILACS using health descriptors connected by the Boolean operands AND and OR in the time frame between 2000 and 2021. Results: Of the 467 articles found, only 11 were part of the final sample. Among the diversity and flexibility of roles, professional doulas perform tasks, services and provide practical and non-clinical care throughout the dying, death, postmortem and bereavement process of patients and their families, as well as promote death education, considering the biopsychosocial and spiritual dimensions of human care. Possible barriers in the death doula movement include the inconsistency in existing training programs and the absence of a regulatory body for the supervision of practice and the standardization of fees. Discussion: The work of death doulas focuses on full presence and attention, sensitive, compassionate listening, and centering on the person in the process of terminality, respecting their wishes and honoring their biography. Conclusion: Death doulas can augment existing end-of-life care services by providing holistic and personalized care services across health care settings, however, there is a need for more rigorous studies to explore health professionals' perceptions of this role and investigate clinical outcomes among dying people and their families.

Introducción: La doula de la muerte profesional se considera un colaborador de apoyo, cuyo objetivo es mejorar la calidad de la muerte en el proceso de terminalidad de los pacientes, con el fin de proporcionar una "buena muerte". Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio es mapear la evidencia científica sobre las funciones de las doulas de muerte en la terminalidad de la vida. Materiales y Métodos: Se trata de una revisión exploratoria realizada en las bases de datos CINHAL, EMBASE, WOS, PUBMED y LILACS utilizando descriptores de salud conectados por los operandos booleanos AND y OR en el marco temporal comprendido entre 2000 y 2021. Resultados: De los 467 artículos encontrados, sólo 11 formaron parte de la muestra final. Entre la diversidad y flexibilidad de roles, las doulas profesionales realizan tareas, servicios y proporcionan cuidados prácticos y no clínicos a lo largo del proceso de morir, muerte, postmortem y duelo de los pacientes y sus familias, así como promueven la educación sobre la muerte, teniendo en cuenta las dimensiones biopsicosociales y espirituales del cuidado humano. Entre los posibles obstáculos al movimiento de las doulas de la muerte se encuentran la incoherencia de los programas de formación existentes y la ausencia de un organismo regulador para la supervisión de la práctica y la normalización de los honorarios. Discusión: El trabajo de las doulas de la muerte se centra en la presencia y atención plena, la escucha sensible, compasiva y centrada en la persona en proceso de terminalidad, respetando sus deseos y honrando su biografía. Conclusión: Las doulas moribundas pueden aumentar los servicios existentes de atención al final de la vida proporcionando servicios de atención holísticos y personalizados en todos los entornos de atención sanitaria; sin embargo, se necesitan estudios más rigurosos para explorar las percepciones de los profesionales sanitarios sobre esta función e investigar los resultados clínicos entre los moribundos y sus familias.

Collaborative relationships between doulas and maternity care providers when supporting migrant women during labour and birth.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the perspectives and experiences of community-based doulas and maternity care providers working with each other in Australia; and to identify the facilitators and barriers to working relationships when supporting migrant women during labour and birth. DESIGN AND METHODS: A qualitative interpretive phenomenological study using in-depth semi-structured interviews. An inductive thematic approach and Capability, Opportunity, and Motivation (COM-B) framework were used in data analysis. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: 10 doulas from Birth for Humankind (a community-based doula service), and 13 maternity care providers from a tertiary maternity hospital in Melbourne, Australia were included. FINDINGS: We identified how collaborative working relationships between community-based doulas and maternity care providers may be enhanced by adopting facilitators across all three COM-B domains and by removing identified barriers. Factors facilitating collaborative working relationships included: knowledge and value of doula roles, establishment of rapport and trust between doulas and providers; doulas enhancing respectful care, communication and relationships between migrant women and providers; and community-based doulas differentiated from private practising doulas. Barriers included: limited understanding of doula roles and service; limiting behaviours impacting collaborative relationships; and limited opportunities for doulas and providers to establish rapport. KEY CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Findings are relevant to other models of doula care including private practice doulas and hospital-based doula services. Positive, collaborative doula-provider working relationships are integral for ensuring that the benefits of doula care continue to reach underserved populations such as migrant women and improve their maternity care experiences and outcomes within hospitals settings.

The impact of abortion doulas on women and providers' outcomes: An integrative review of the evidence.

The aim of this integrative review is to map the literature on the impact of abortion doulas on women and abortion care providers. This review followed a modified Whittemore and Knafl framework and PRISMA guidelines. Electronic databases (Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, Scopus, Proquest, EMBASE, and PsycINFO) were searched using key terms: abortion and doula. Search was limited by date (2012-2022), type (primary research only), and language (English only). Of the 99 papers found, only 4 met inclusion criteria. The four papers - drawn from 2 studies - were analysed using NICE Appraisal checklists. In total, data from 328 participants (n = 314 women, n = 5 physicians, n = 5 staff members, n = 4 abortion doulas) was analysed. Of the 314 women, 160 women received doula support and 154 did not. Two qualitative papers showed women and abortion providers reported a beneficial impact of abortion doulas, but the two quantitative (RCTs) papers showed null impact for a doula support intervention vs. usual care on women's physical and psychological outcomes. Women reported wanting support during the abortion; however, the evidence is not yet clear on whether a doula is required to address this need for women undergoing a surgical abortion in clinic. It may be that abortion support is important in ways that are difficult to measure.

A qualitative study on community-based doulas' roles in providing culturally-responsive care to migrant women in Australia.

BACKGROUND: There is limited exploration into how culturally-responsive care may be provided to migrant women through community-based doulas. AIM: We aim to explore the roles of community-based doulas in providing culturally-responsive care to migrant women in Australian maternity settings, from the perspectives of maternity care providers and doulas. METHODS: We used an interpretive phenomenological qualitative approach with in-depth interviews with 30 maternity care providers and Birth for Humankind doulas, in Victoria, Australia. All interviews were conducted over video-call and inductive thematic analysis was performed using NVivo software. FINDINGS: Doulas were seen to support and enhance migrant women's maternity care experiences through numerous ways, strengthening cultural-responsive care provision. There were three domains which described the role of doulas in providing migrant women with culturally-responsive care: 1) enhanced care; 2) respectful care; and 3) supportive relationships with providers. The three domains included seven themes: 1) continuous individualised support; 2) social connectedness; 3) creating safe spaces; 4) cultural facilitator; 5) non-judgemental support; 6) enhancing communication and rapport with providers; and 7) making connections. DISCUSSION: Doulas appeared to counter negative factors that impact migrant women's maternity care experiences. Doulas with previous professional birth support qualifications and trauma-informed care training were equipped to create safe spaces and increase emotional safety for migrant women. Doulas may also have more responsibilities expected of them by providers when connecting migrant women with additional services in situations that may be missed through hospital care. CONCLUSION: Birth for Humankind doulas in Victoria play an important role in providing culturally-responsive care to migrant women. Employment models may be the next steps in acknowledging their valuable contribution as a complementary service to maternity settings.

The role of doulas in providing breastfeeding support during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Doulas have been instrumental in providing breastfeeding support to nursing mothers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, as they can significantly impact a mother's ability to initiate and maintain breastfeeding. However, the COVID-19 pandemic, subsequent lockdowns, and social isolation created challenges for nursing mothers to access doulas' services, usually provided in person. In this study, we examined the role of doulas in providing breastfeeding support during the COVID-19 pandemic, exploring adaptation to COVID-19 guidelines and the challenges doulas face in providing breastfeeding support during the pandemic. METHODS: A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Thirteen scientific databases and twenty peer-reviewed journals were searched for journal articles published in English between January 2020 and March 2022 using key search terms (e.g., Doula, Breastfeeding, COVID-19). Studies evaluating the role of doulas in providing breastfeeding support during COVID-19, and the impact of COVID-19 Guidelines on doula services, were included. Two reviewers independently performed the risk of bias assessment and data extraction. Summative content analysis was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The majority of studies were conducted in developed nations. This systematic review includes eight articles, four qualitative, one survey, two mixed-methods studies, and one prospective research study. Seven of the eight studies were conducted in the United States, and the eighth was conducted in multiple countries. These studies have three main themes: (1) virtual breastfeeding support provided by doulas during the pandemic; (2) remote social support provided by doulas to breastfeeding mothers during the pandemic; and (3) barriers to doula service delivery due to COVID-19 restrictions, primarily the exclusion of doulas as essential workers. The eight studies showed that doulas found innovative ways to serve the needs of birthing and nursing mothers during the difficulties brought on by the pandemic. CONCLUSION: Doulas provided breastfeeding support during the COVID-19 pandemic by utilizing innovative service delivery methods while navigating changes in COVID-19 guidance. However, system-level integration of doulas' work and the acknowledgment of doulas as essential healthcare providers are needed to enhance doula service delivery capacity, especially during a pandemic, to help improve maternal health outcomes.

"We are Human too.": The Challenges of Being an End-of-Life Doula.

End-of-life (EOL) doulas are emerging professionals who provide an intimate approach to the death process by focusing on the psychological, social, spiritual, and emotional needs of dying individuals. EOL doula work is stressful; it exposes individuals to recurring stressors such as suffering and grief. Trained professionals are needed to help advocate for the dying individual and their families. Despite the growing literature on EOL doulas, information regarding the challenges of being an EOL doula is underrepresented in the literature. This paper is one of the first to address this concept. Twelve in-depth, semi-structured interviews regarding the EOL doula experience were conducted as a part of a larger exploratory study. Three overarching themes emerged from the larger project: motivations to become an EOL doula, roles of an EOL doula, and challenges of an EOL doula. In this article, only challenges of EOL are discussed, along with subsequent subordinate themes.

What, when, and how long? Doula time use in a community doula program in San Francisco, California.

OBJECTIVES: Community doulas, who provide culturally concordant, nonclinical support during and after pregnancy, are increasingly promoted as an evidence-based intervention to advance birth equity. As valued members of their communities, community doulas often provide extensive physical and emotional pregnancy, birth, and postpartum support at low or no cost to clients. However, neither community doulas' scope of work nor the distribution of time among their different work activities has been clearly defined or enumerated; therefore, this project sought to describe the work activities and time use of doulas in one community-based doula organization. METHODS: In a quality improvement project, we reviewed case management system client data and collected 1 month of time diary data from eight doulas employed full-time at SisterWeb San Francisco Community Doula Network. We calculated descriptive statistics for activities community doulas reported in their time diaries and each visit/interaction logged in the case management system. RESULTS: SisterWeb doulas spent about half of their time in direct client care. For every hour that doulas spent with a client in prenatal and postpartum visits, on average, they spent an additional 2.15 h communicating with and supporting their clients in other ways. Overall, we estimate that SisterWeb doulas spend an average of 32 h providing care for a client receiving the standard course of care, including intake, prenatal visits, support during childbirth, and postpartum visits. CONCLUSIONS: Results highlight the wide variety of work that SisterWeb community doulas do beyond direct client care. Acknowledgment of community doulas' broad scope of work and appropriate compensation for all activities is necessary if doula care is to be advanced as a health equity intervention.

"They're gonna be there to advocate for me so I'm not by myself": A qualitative analysis of Black women's motivations for seeking and experiences with community doula care.

PROBLEM: In the United States, Black women are disproportionately impacted by inequities in maternal health. BACKGROUND: Community doula support may improve birth outcomes and experiences, including lower rates of preterm birth and low birthweight and increases in positive birthing experiences. Few studies have explored client experiences with doula care, specifically community doula care. AIM: To explore Black doula clients' motivations for seeking and experiences with community doula care. METHODS: Data are from a mixed methods process evaluation of an organization providing free community doula services in San Francisco, California. We conducted two rounds of qualitative interviews with doula clients who identified as Black or Pacific Islander between August 2019 and March 2020. Interviews explored clients' knowledge of, experiences with, and motivations for seeking doula care and their perceptions of the services they received. We utilized a Rapid Assessment Process to synthesize findings and thematic analysis. FINDINGS: Clients' motivations for seeking doula care included general lack of support and knowledge of mistreatment experienced by Black women in hospital settings. Doulas provided support in the form of information about the perinatal period and clients' rights, advocacy in hospital settings, and connection to resources beyond pregnancy and birth. Some clients described doulas as helping them stay focused and make decisions during difficult labor experiences and described positive birth experiences despite experiencing complications. CONCLUSION: Community doulas play an instrumental role in the birth experiences of Black women and birthing people. Efforts should be made to expand access to this needed support via policy and hospital practices.

Black women's experiences with professional accompaniment at prenatal appointments.

U.S. public health statistics report dismal Black infant and maternal mortality rates. Prenatal care alone, while essential, does not reduce such disparities. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the study was to explore Black women's experiences when a perinatal support professional (PSP) accompanies them to prenatal medical appointments. DESIGN: This research used a phenomenological approach, using data from in-depth individual interviews to explore the essence of 25 Black women's experiences. RESULTS: We identified three major themes from the data that together, show that PSPs served as communication bridges for their clients. Clients said their PSPs helped them to understand and feel seen and heard by their medical providers during their prenatal appointments. The third theme was the deep level of trust the clients developed for their PSPs which made the first two themes possible. PSPs' intervention resulted in reduced stress and uncertainty in medical interactions and increased women's trust in their providers' recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Including a trusted, knowledgeable advocate like a PSP may be an important intervention in improving Black women's prenatal care experiences, reducing stress associated with medical interactions, and ultimately reducing pregnancy-related health disparities.

End-of-Life Doulas: Documenting Their Backgrounds and Services.

This is an exploratory study to document the demographic characteristics, backgrounds, and services provided by trained and certified INELDA end-of-life doulas. Like birth doulas, end-of-life doulas represent a divergent, yet complementary form of care for dying persons. The purpose of end-of-life care is to facilitate comfort of the dying person and their closest family members. Surveys were completed by 618 end-of-life doulas regarding their demographic characteristics, employment backgrounds, services, and their experiences providing end of life care to dying persons and their closest family members. Follow-up qualitative interviews were also conducted with a subset of 39 respondents who completed the original survey. Results show that trained doulas are largely white (91.4%), female (90.4%), hold a Bachelor's (32.3%) or Masters (32.4%) degree, and are employed outside of their EOLD work (70.1%). Qualitative data details services provided to dying persons and family members in addition to the benefits and challenges of working with traditional healthcare settings.